Challenges and principled responses to privacy protection from biometric technology in China

Biometric technology has transformed human biological characteristics into a new form of privacy, and the misuse of this technology poses challenges to protecting this new privacy. This article initially defines biometric technology and biometric characteristics, further demonstrating why biometric characteristics belong to personal privacy and how biometric technology poses challenges to its protection. Through analysis, this article argues that the essence of these challenges is the conflicts between the ethical principle of privacy protection and the ethical principle of maximizing social benefits. In order to address these challenges, it is necessary first to weigh the fundamental ethical principles. The two basic principles of privacy protection and maximizing social benefits are not mutual antagonism but hierarchy, and this hierarchy should be based on the principle of practical feasibility. That is, applying biometric technology should first meet the principle of practical feasibility and, on this premise, realize the principle of maximizing social benefits based on not infringing on the principle of privacy protection.

La tecnología biométrica ha transformado las características biológicas humanas en una nueva forma de privacidad, y el uso indebido de esta tecnología plantea desafíos a su protección. En este artículo se define inicialmente la tecnología biométrica y las características biométricas; se demuestra además por qué las características biométricas pertenecen a la privacidad personal y cómo la tecnología biométrica plantea retos para su protección. Este artículo argumenta que la esencia de estos retos es el conflicto entre el principio ético de protección de la privacidad y el de maximización de los beneficios sociales. Para abordar estos retos es necesario sopesar primero los principios éticos fundamentales. Los dos principios básicos de protección de la privacidad y maximización de los beneficios sociales no son antagónicos, sino jerárquicos, y esta jerarquía debe basarse en el principio de viabilidad práctica. Es decir, la aplicación de la tecnología biométrica debe cumplir primero el principio de viabilidad práctica y, a partir de esta premisa, realizar el principio de maximización de los beneficios sociales sobre la base de no infringir el principio de protección de la intimidad.

A tecnologia biométrica transformou as características biológicas humanas em uma nova forma de privacidade, e o mal uso dessa tecnologia apresenta desafios para proteger essa nova privacidade. Esse artigo inicialmente define tecnologia biométrica e características biométricas, demonstrando posteriormente por que características biométricas pertencem à privacidade pessoal e como tecnologia biométrica coloca desafios à sua proteção. Através de análise, esse artigo discute que a essência desses desafios é o conflito entre o princípio ético da proteção da privacidade e o princípio ético de maximizar benefícios sociais. De forma a visar esses desafios é necessário primeiro ponderar os princípios éticos fundamentais. Os dois princípios básicos de proteção da privacidade e de maximizar benefícios sociais não são mutuamente antagônicos mas hierárquicos, e essa hierarquia deve ser baseada no princípio da viabilidade prática. Isso é, aplicar tecnologia biométrica deve primeiro atender ao princípio da viabilidade prática e, nessa premissa, compreender o princípio de maximizar benefícios sociais com base em não infringir o princípio de proteção da privacidade.

Modificaciones biométricas en paciente miopes con implante de la lente fáquica ACRIOL 128

Objetivo: Determinar las modificaciones biométricas en pacientes miopes con implante de la lente fáquica ACRIOL 128. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio transversal con 31 ojos (17 pacientes) con alta miopía tratados con implante de lente fáquica ACRIOL 128, entre septiembre 2016 y febrero 2019, los cuales tenían mediciones biométricas preoperatorias con el sistema IOL Master 3.0.2 y estabilidad refractiva posoperatoria (≤ 0,5 dioptrías) después de los tres meses del implante. Se les efectuaron las mediciones posoperatorias con el propio IOL Master 3.0.2 en modo lente fáquica y con el sistema Scheimpflug Pentacam AXL para compararlas, mediante la prueba t para datos pareados, con una significación del 95 %. Resultados: La edad promedio fue de 29,82 ± 5,99 años, el 82,4 % del sexo femenino. El equivalente esférico preoperatorio medio fue de -12,00 ± 4,10 dioptrías. La diferencia de longitud axial y profundidad de la cámara anterior en milímetros entre el pre- y posoperatorio fue significativa con IOL Master 3.0.2 (0,13 ± 0,33 y -0,08 ± 0,17) y Pentacam AXL (0,12 ± 0,32 y -0,10 ± 0,24), respectivamente. Sin embargo, las posoperatorias entre ambos equipos no fueron significativas (p>0,05) para estas variables, pero sí para las queratometrías. Conclusiones: El implante de la lente fáquica ACRIOL 128 modifica la medición de la longitud axial y la profundidad de la cámara anterior. El IOL Master 3.0.2 y el Pentacam AXL ofrecen mediciones de longitud axial y profundidad de cámara anterior posoperatorias similares, no así para las queratometrías.

Objective: To determine the biometric modifications in myopic patients with ACRIOL 128 phakic lens implantation. Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed on 31 eyes (17 patients) with high myopia treated with ACRIOL 128 phakic lens implant, between September 2016 and February 2019, which had preoperative biometric measurements with the IOL Master 3.0.2 system and postoperative refractive stability (≤ 0.5 diopters) after three months of implantation. Postoperative measurements were performed with the IOL Master 3.0.2 in phakic lens mode and with the Scheimpflug Pentacam AXL system for comparison, using the t-test for paired data, with 95% significance. Results: The average age was 29.82 ± 5.99 years, 82.4% female. The mean preoperative spherical equivalent was -12.00 ± 4.10 diopters. The difference in axial length and anterior chamber depth in millimeters between pre- and postoperative was significant with IOL Master 3.0.2 (0.13 ± 0,33 and -0.08 ± 0.17) and Pentacam AXL (0.12 ± 0.32 and -0.10 ± 0.24), respectively. However, postoperative between the two teams were not significant (p > 0.05) for these variables but significant for keratometries. Conclusions: Implantation of the ACRIOL 128 phakic lens modifies the measurement of axial length and anterior chamber depth. The IOL Master 3.0.2 and Pentacam AXL provide similar postoperative axial length and anterior chamber depth measurements, but not for keratometries.

Capacidad del diámetro biparietal para predecir los recién nacidos grandes para edad gestacional. Estudio de cohorte retrospectivo / Ability of biparietal diameter to predict large for gestational age newborns. A retrospective cohort study

Fundamento: Predecir el recién nacido grande para la edad gestacional es una acción de salud que necesita de herramientas tecnológicas de probada eficiencia. Objetivo: Determinar la capacidad predictiva del diámetro biparietal en los recién nacidos grandes para la edad gestacional. Metodología: Estudio de cohorte retrospectivo que incluyó 1959 gestantes cubanas con embarazo simple con captación y término del embarazo entre enero del 2009 y diciembre de 2017. En cada trimestre de gestación se compararon las condiciones tróficas adecuado para la edad gestacional (AEG) y grandes para la edad gestacional (GEG) mediante estadígrafos de tendencia central (media) y de dispersión (rango, desviación estándar) correspondientes al diámetro biparietal. Se calculó además el intervalo de confianza (IC) de 95 % para la diferencia de medias del diámetro biparietal. Asimismo, se realizó un análisis de curvas ROC para determinar si el diámetro biparietal y el peso fetal predicen la condición trófica grande para la edad gestacional en el segundo y tercer trimestre de gestación. Los datos fueron recogidos del libro registro de genética del área de salud. Resultados: El diámetro biparietal en el segundo y tercer trimestre de gestación tuvo un área bajo curva de 0.60 (IC 95 %: 0.54-0.65) y 0.59 (IC 95 %: 0.54-0.64) respectivamente. Los puntos de corte establecidos (T2: 56.55 mm, T3: 81.55 mm) tienen una especificidad y exactitud superior al 78 %. Conclusiones: El diámetro biparietal y los modelos de regresión de Shepard y de Hadlock V mostraron capacidad para discriminar el nacimiento grande para la edad gestacional del adecuado para la edad gestacional, a partir del segundo trimestre de gestación siendo más eficaces en el tercero.

Background: Predicting large for gestational age newborns is a medical action that requires technological tools with proven efficiency. Objective: To determine the predictive ability of biparietal diameter in large newborns for gestational age. Methodology: Retrospective cohort study that included 1959 Cuban pregnant women with a singleton pregnancy, with recruitment and pregnancy term between January 2009 and December 2017. In each gestational trimester, trophic conditions appropriate for gestational age (GAW) were compared and large for gestational age (GA) using central tendency (mean) and dispersion (range, standard deviation) statistics corresponding to the biparietal diameter. The 95% confidence interval (CI) for mean biparietal diameter difference was also calculated. In addition, an analysis of ROC curves was performed to determine if biparietal diameter and fetal weight predict large trophic condition for gestational age in the second and third gestational trimester. Data were gathered from the health area genetics registry book. Results: Biparietal diameter in the second and third trimester of gestation had an area under curve of 0.60 (95% CI: 0.54-0.65) and 0.59 (95% CI: 0.54-0.64) respectively. The established cut-off points (T2: 56.55 mm, T3: 81.55 mm) have a specificity and accuracy greater than 78%. Conclusions: Biparietal diameter and the Shepard and Hadlock V regression models showed ability to discriminate large for gestational age birth from adequate for gestational age birth from the second trimester of gestation onward, being more effective in the third trimester.

Relación entre biometría fetal, producto de acumulación de los lípidos y condición trófica al nacer / Relationship between fetal biometry, lipid accumulation product and the trophic condition at birth

Fundamento: Las alteraciones del estado nutricional materno generalmente se relacionan con desviaciones del crecimiento fetal, que pueden detectarse por los parámetros biofísicos fetales e identifican la posible condición trófica al nacer. Objetivo: Determinar la posible relación entre los parámetros biométricos fetales, la condición trófica al nacer y el producto de acumulación de los lípidos. Metodología: Se realizó un estudio transversal en el Policlínico Chiqui Gómez Lubian del municipio Santa Clara, durante el año 2019, en una población de 253 gestantes normopeso supuestamente sanas al inicio de la gestación. La muestra no probabilística fue de 144 gestantes. Las variables de estudio fueron: producto de acumulación de los lípidos, biometría fetal y condición trófica al nacer. Se utilizaron métodos teóricos, empíricos y estadísticos. Resultados: En el segundo trimestre ningún parámetro biométrico coincidió con la condición al nacer de pequeño, mientras que para el grande coincidieron las circunferencias cefálica y abdominal. En el tercer trimestre la longitud del fémur y la circunferencia abdominal coinciden en la identificación del pequeño y del grande. El PAL se correlacionó con la circunferencia abdominal del tercer trimestre y con el peso al nacer; presentando mayor frecuencia de valores en el tercer tertil para los nacimientos grandes. Conclusiones: La circunferencia abdominal fue el parámetro biométrico con mayor coincidencia con la condición trófica al nacer, la que se asoció con valores en el tercer tertil del PAL para la detección de nacimientos grandes, relacionándose el fenotipo normopeso metabólicamente obeso con el crecimiento fetal por exceso.

Background: Maternal nutritional status disorders are usually related to fetal growth deviations, which can be detected by fetal biophysical parameters and identify the possible trophic condition at birth. Objective: To determine the possible relationship between fetal biometric parameters, the birth trophic state and lipid accumulation product. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted at the Chiqui Gómez Lubian Polyclinic in Santa Clara municipality, during 2019, in a population of 253 normal-weight pregnant women who were apparently healthy at the beginning of their gestation. The non-probability sample was made up of 144 pregnant women. Study variables were: lipid accumulation product, fetal biometry and trophic condition at birth. Theoretical, empirical and statistical methods were used. Results: In the second trimester, none of the biometric parameters matched the condition at birth as a small child, while in the large one the head and abdominal circumferences matched. In the third trimester, femoral length and abdominal circumference coincide in identifying the small one and the large one. LAP correlated with third trimester abdominal circumference and birth weight, presenting higher frequency of values in the third tertile for large births. Conclusions: Abdominal circumference was the biometric parameter with the highest coincidence with trophic condition at birth, associated with values in the third tertile of the LAP for detecting large births, relating the metabolically obese normal weight phenotype with excessive fetal growth.

Utilidad de la longitud renal fetal en la predicción de la edad gestacional

Objetivo. Establecer la utilidad de la medición de la longitud del riñón fetal en la predicción de la edad gestacional. Diseño. Estudio de cohortes, prospectivo y longitudinal. Institución. Hospital Central "Dr. Urquinaona", Maracaibo, Venezuela. Participantes. Mujeres con embarazos simples de riesgo bajo, entre 18 y 40 semanas de gestación. Métodos. Se midieron los valores de diámetro biparietal, circunferencia abdominal, longitud del fémur y longitud del riñón fetal durante la duración del embarazo. Principales medidas de resultado. Predicción de la edad gestacional por medición de la longitud del riñón fetal. Resultados. Se seleccionó los datos de 215 gestantes. Se realizaron un total de 3,291 evaluaciones, siendo el menor número de evaluaciones a las 31 semanas con 128, y el mayor número 157, a las 28 semanas. La longitud del riñón fetal presentó correlaciones fuertes, positivas y significativas con la edad gestacional por fecha de última menstruación y por las mediciones ecográficas (p < 0,001). El modelo de edad gestacional predicha por el diámetro transverso del cerebelo alcanzó un valor del coeficiente de determinación de 0,682. La correlación entre la edad gestacional por fecha de última menstruación y la predicha por el modelo alcanzó un valor de r = 0,826 (p < 0,001). Conclusión. La medición de la longitud del riñón fetal es útil para predecir la edad gestacional y junto a otras mediciones ecográficas rutinarias puede mejorar la capacidad de los modelos de predicción actuales.

Objective: To establish the usefulness of fetal kidney length measurement in the prediction of gestational age. Design: Prospective, longitudinal cohort study. Institution: Hospital Central "Dr. Urquinaona", Maracaibo, Venezuela. Participants: Women with low-risk singleton pregnancies, between 18 and 40 weeks of gestation. Methods: Biparietal diameter, abdominal circumference, femur length, and fetal kidney length were measured during the duration of pregnancy. Main outcome measures: Prediction of gestational age by measurement of fetal kidney length. Results: Data from 215 pregnant women was selected. A total of 3,291 total evaluations were performed, with the lowest number of evaluations at 31 weeks (128), and the highest number (157) at 28 weeks. Fetal kidney length presented strong, positive and significant correlations with gestational age by date of last menstrual period and by ultrasound measurements (p < 0.001). The model of gestational age predicted by the transverse diameter of the cerebellum reached a value of the coefficient of determination of 0.682. The correlation between gestational age by date of last menstrual period and that predicted by the model reached a value of r = 0.826 (p< 0.001). Conclusion: Measurement of fetal kidney length is useful for predicting gestational age and together with other routine ultrasound measurements may improve the ability of current prediction models.

Biometría fetal en la confirmación de restricciones del crecimiento intrauterino / Fetal Biometrics in Confirming Restrictions of Intrauterine Growth

Introducción: El crecimiento y el desarrollo son fenómenos biológicos que implican aumento de masa celular y diferenciación de forma o función, respectivamente. En beneficio del diagnóstico, se utilizan las bondades del ultrasonido en la evolución biométrica del crecimiento fetal. Objetivo: Determinar mensuraciones biométricas fetales más asociadas a la restricción del crecimiento fetal en infantes que sufrieron restricción del crecimiento intrauterino. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio longitudinal descriptivo y retrospectivo de gestantes captadas en dos áreas de salud del municipio Santa Clara, que terminaron su embarazo entre septiembre del 2013 y octubre del 2018 y cuyos recién nacidos experimentaron restricción del crecimiento. La muestra se clasificó al nacimiento en pequeños y adecuados, según condición trófica y en cada grupo se estudió relación con valores percentilares de variables biométricas en los dos últimos trimestres. Resultados: Predominaron en todas las biometrías y en los dos trimestres los valores por debajo del décimo percentil. En la totalidad de los infantes y durante todo el período fetal, la circunferencia abdominal estuvo por debajo del percentil 10. En las variables largo del fémur y circunferencia cefálica los percentiles más altos se encontraron en el tercer trimestre y desde el segundo en la variable diámetro biparietal, posiblemente relacionado con restricciones asimétricas del crecimiento. Conclusiones: La variable biométrica circunferencia abdominal desde el segundo trimestre es fiable en la detección de restricciones del crecimiento intrauterino y su existencia por debajo del décimo percentil debe servir como certeza de su existencia, aun cuando la condición trófica del recién nacido parezca revelar otra realidad(AU)

Introduction: Growth and development are biological phenomenons involving cell mass increase and differentiation of form or function, respectively. For diagnostic purposes, the benefits of ultrasound are used for the biometric evolution of fetal growth. Objective: To determine fetal biometric measurements mostly associated with fetal growth restriction in infants who suffered intrauterine growth restriction. Methods: A descriptive and retrospective longitudinal study was carried out with pregnant women from two health areas of Santa Clara Municipality, who finished their pregnancy between September 2013 and October 2018 and whose newborns experienced growth restriction. The sample was classified at birth into small and adequate, according to trophic condition; and, in each group, the relationship with percentile values of biometric variables in the last two trimesters was studied. Results: Values below the tenth percentile predominated in all biometrics and in the two trimesters. In all infants and during the whole fetal period, abdominal circumference was below the tenth percentile. In the variables femur length and cephalic circumference, the highest percentiles were found in the third trimester; while, from the second trimester on, the same occurred in the variable biparietal diameter, possibly related to asymmetric growth restrictions. Conclusions: The biometric variable abdominal circumference is, from the second trimester on, reliable in the detection of intrauterine growth restrictions; its existence below the tenth percentile should serve as certainty of its existence, even when the trophic condition of the newborn seems to reveal another reality(AU)

Impacto de la COVID-19 en la progresión de la miopía en niños / Impact of COVID-19 on myopia progression in children

Introducción: La Organización Mundial de la Salud considera a la miopía un problema de salud mundial debido a su prevalencia creciente. Se espera que afecte al 52 % de la población mundial en 2050. Objetivo: Determinar la progresión de la miopía durante la pandemia de COVID-19 con respecto al período previo al confinamiento. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y ambispectivo de una serie de 12 pacientes atendidos en la Consulta de Oftalmología Pediátrica del Instituto Cubano de Oftalmología "Ramón Pando Ferrer" antes de la pandemia y que acudieron en el período de confinamiento por la COVID-19 para su seguimiento. Las variables evaluadas fueron edad, género, antecedentes patológicos familiares de miopía, horas pantalla, equivalente esférico y biometría. Resultados: El promedio de edad fue de 9,7 años y el 58,3 por ciento correspondió al sexo femenino. El 75 por ciento de los pacientes tenían antecedentes patológicos familiares de miopía y el tiempo estimado frente a pantalla fue de 5,3 ± 0,8 h diarias. La media de la biometría se incrementó en el tiempo de 23 mm en 2019 a 25,5 mm en 2021. La diferencia de la media del equivalente esférico previo a la COVID-19 fue -0,89 y -0,84 para ojo derecho y el ojo izquierdo, respectivamente. En la etapa epidémica se percibió un aumento hasta -1,97 y -1,72. Conclusiones: El incremento del uso de los medios digitales debido al confinamiento ha causado la progresión de la miopía(AU)

Introduction: Myopia is considered a global health problem by the World Health Organization due to its increasing prevalence and is expected to affect 52 percent of the world's population by 2050. Objective: To determine the progression of myopia during the COVID-19 pandemic with respect to the pre-confinement period. Methods: A descriptive and ambispective study of a series of 12 patients treated at the Pediatric Ophthalmology Clinic of the Cuban Institute of Ophthalmology "Ramón Pando Ferrer" before the pandemic and who visited the hospital during the COVID-19 confinement period for follow-up, was carried out. The variables evaluated were age, gender, family history of myopia, screen hours, spherical equivalent and biometry. Results: The average age was 9.7 years and 58.3 percent of the patients were females. Seventy-five percent of the patients had a family history of myopia and the estimated time in front of the screen was 5.3 ± 0.8 h per day. The medium biometry increased over time from 23 mm in 2019 to 25.5 mm in 2021. The difference in medium pre-COVID-19 spherical equivalent was -0.89 and -0.84 for right eye and left eye, respectively. In the epidemic stage, an increase to -1.97 and -1.72 was perceived. Conclusions: Increased use of digital media due to confinement has caused myopia progression(AU)

Ramo comunicante entre los nervios mediano y ulnar en el antebrazo humano / Communicanting branch between median and ulnar nerves in the human forearm

El ramo comunicante mediano-ulnar (RCMU) es la conexión que se origina del nervio mediano (NM) o alguno de sus ramos, para unirse al nervio ulnar (NU) en el antebrazo humano. Cuando este RCMU está presente, determina una prevalencia que oscila entre un 8 % y un 32 %, de tal manera los axones del NM se trasladen al NU, modificando la inervación habitual de los músculos de la mano. Nuestro objetivo fue determinar la prevalencia, biometría, topografía y relaciones anatómicas del RCMU. Adicionalmente, se estableció la coexistencia de otras conexiones entre los NM y NU en el antebrazo y la mano. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, cuantitativo, no experimental y transeccional. Disecamos 30 antebrazos humanos de individuos adultos, pertenecientes al programa de donación cadavérica de la Pontificia Universidad Católicade Chile. Las muestras estaban fijadas en formalina y a 4 °C. El RCMU se presentó en 5 casos (17 %). De estos ramos, tres surgieron del nervio interóseo anterior (NIA) (60 %) y dos (40 %) del ramo que el NM aporta a los músculos superficiales del compartimiento anterior del antebrazo. Estos se clasificaron de acuerdo a la literatura, así el tipo Ic se presentó en tres casos (60 %), y el tipo Ia en dos (40 %). La longitud promedio del RCMU fue de 53,9 mm. El origen del RCMU se ubicó en el tercio proximal y la conexión de este con el NU se estableció en el tercio medio del antebrazo. En tres casos (60 %) se observó la coexistencia del RCMU y una conexión entre los ramos digitales palmares comunes. Estos hallazgos confirman que el RCMU mayoritariamente se extiende entre el nervio interóseo anterior y el NU, y su presencia podría modificar la distribución nerviosa de la mano.

SUMMARY: The median-ulnar communicating branch (MUCB) is the communication that originates from the median nerve (MN) or one of its branches, to join the ulnar nerve (UN) in the human forearm. With a prevalence that oscillates between 8% and 32%, when this MUCB is present, it establishes that axons from the MN move to the UN, modifying the normal innervation of the muscles of the hand. Our aim was to determine the prevalence, biometry and topography and anatomical relationships of the MUCB. Additionally, the coexistence of this MUCB with other connections between the MN and UN was established. A descriptive, quantitative, non experimental and transectional study was conducted. Thirty adult human forearms belonging to the cadaveric donation program of the Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile were dissected. The samples were fixed in formalin and stored at 4 °C. The MUCB appeared in 5 cases (17%). Of these, three originated from the anterior interosseous nerve (60%) and two (40%) arose from the branch that the MN gives it to the superficial muscles of the anterior compartment of the forearm. These were classified according to the literature consulted, obtaining that Group Ic occurred in three cases (60%), and Group Ia in two (40%). The average MUCB length was 53.9 mm. The origin of the MUCB was on average 21% of the length of the forearm from the biepicondylar line. The connection of this MUCB with the UN was located on average at 44% from this line. In three cases (60%) the coexistence of the MUCB and a connection between the common palmar digital nerves was observed. These findings confirm that the RCMU is generally established between the anterior interosseous nerve of forearm and NU, and its presence could modify the nerve distribution of the hand.

Utilidad de la medición del diámetro transversal del cerebelo fetal para la predicción de la edad gestacional

Objetivo: Establecer la utilidad de la medición del diámetro transversal del cerebelo fetal para la predicción de la edad gestacional. Diseño : Estudio de cohortes, prospectivo y longitudinal. Institución. Hospital Central "Dr. Urquinaona", Maracaibo, Venezuela. Participantes : Mujeres con embarazos simples de bajo riesgo, entre las 14 y las 40 semanas de gestación. Métodos : Se midieron los valores de diámetro biparietal, circunferencia abdominal, longitud del fémur y diámetro transverso del cerebelo fetal durante la duración del embarazo. Principales medidas de resultado. Predicción de la edad gestacional por medición de diámetro transverso del cerebelo. Resultados : Fueron seleccionados los datos de 215 embarazadas. Se realizaron un total de 3,858 evaluaciones totales, siendo el menor número de evaluaciones 131 a las 18 semanas y el mayor número 157 a las 28 semanas. El diámetro transversal del cerebelo presentó correlaciones fuertes, positivas y significativas con la edad gestacional por fecha de última menstruación y las mediciones ecográficas (p < 0,001). El modelo de edad gestacional predicha por el diámetro transverso del cerebelo alcanzó un valor del coeficiente de determinación de 0,908. La correlación entre la edad gestacional por fecha de última menstruación y la predicha por el modelo alcanzó un valor de r = 0,953 (p < 0,001). Conclusión : La medición del diámetro transversal del cerebelo es un parámetro útil para predecir la edad gestacional en embarazadas sanas.

Objective : To establish the usefulness of fetal cerebellar transverse diameter measurement for the prediction of gestational age. Design : Prospective, longitudinal, cohort study. Institution: Hospital Central "Dr. Urquinaona", Maracaibo, Venezuela. Participants : Women with low-risk singleton pregnancies, between 14 and 40 weeks of gestation. Methods : Biparietal diameter, abdominal circumference, femur length, and transverse diameter of the fetal cerebellum were measured during the duration of pregnancy. Main outcome measures: Prediction of gestational age by measurement of the transverse diameter of the cerebellum. Results : Data from 215 pregnant women were selected. A total of 3,858 total evaluations were performed, with the lowest number of evaluations 131 at 18 weeks and the highest number 157 at 28 weeks. The transverse diameter of the cerebellum presented strong, positive, and significant correlations with gestational age by date of last menstrual period and ultrasound measurements (p < 0.001). The model of gestational age predicted by the transverse diameter of the cerebellum reached a value of the coefficient of determination of 0.908. The correlation between gestational age by date of last menstrual period and that predicted by the model reached a value of r = 0.953 (p < 0.001). Conclusion : Measurement of the transverse diameter of the cerebellum is a useful parameter for predicting gestational age in healthy pregnant women.

Anatomical and histological traits of Brycon amazonicus liver cultivated in a semi-intensive system / Características anatômicas e histológicas do fígado de Brycon amazonicus cultivado em sistema semi-intensivo

Abstract The work aimed to evaluate the weight-length relationship and the condition factor, characterizing the biometry, anatomy, histology and volumetric density of the liver of Brycon amazonicus, in different stages of body growth. The experiment used twenty specimens in four stages of body growth (PI, PII, PIII and PIV) harvested every 90 days, containing five specimens, each group. The livers were dissected, weighed (g) and processed routinely using the hematoxylin and eosin technique. The data were submitted to analysis of variance, Pearson's correlation test and linear regression. The equation that represented the weight-length relation was W = 0.05902 x L2.63, with negative allometric growth, but with a relative condition factor equal to 1.0. The liver was divided into three lobes with the gallbladder close to the right lobe and its color varied from light red to dark red, not varying in relation to other fish species. The hepatosomatic relationship followed body growth until the PII group stage and then declined, demonstrating the behavior of its development in Brycon amazonicus. The organ consists predominantly of hepatocytes, followed by sinusoidal vessels and capillaries, with histological morphology similar to that of many species of fish. Melanomacrophage centers were found only in the most developed animals, but in small quantities, prompting the development of new research on this cell, in this species. In this way, research of this nature allows the characterization of fish species, helping to improve breeding methods, understanding pathological processes caused by diseases, and obtaining better productive capacity, serving an increasingly demanding and prosperous market.

Resumo O trabalho objetivou avaliar a relação peso-comprimento e o fator de condição, caracterizando a biometria, anatomia, histologia e densidade volumétrica do fígado de Brycon amazonicus, em diferentes estágios de crescimento corporal. O experimento utilizou vinte espécimes em quatro fases de crescimento corporal (PI, PII, PIII e PIV) colhidos a cada 90 dias, contendo cinco espécimes, cada grupo. Os fígados foram dissecados, pesados (g) e processados rotineiramente pela técnica da hematoxilina e eosina. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância, teste de correlação de Pearson e regressão linear. A equação que representou a relação peso-comprimento foi W = 0,05902 x L2,63, com crescimento alométrico negativo, mas com fator de condição relativo igual a 1,0. O fígado apresentou-se dividido em três lobos com a vesícula biliar próxima ao lobo direito e sua cor variou de vermelho claro a vermelho escuro, não variando em relação a outras espécies de peixes. A relação hepatossomática acompanhou o crescimento corporal até a fase do grupo PII e então declinou, demonstrando o comportamento de seu desenvolvimento em Brycon amazonicus. O órgão constitui-se predominantemente por hepatócitos, seguido de vasos e capilares sinusoidais, com a morfologia histológica semelhante ao de muitas espécies de peixes. Centros melanomacrófagos foram encontrados apenas nos animais mais desenvolvidos, mas em pequena quantidade, instigando o desenvolvimento de novas pesquisas sobre esta célula, nesta espécie. Desta forma, pesquisas desta natureza permitem a caracterização de espécies de peixes, auxiliando no aperfeiçoamento de métodos de criação, compreensão de processos patológicos provocados por enfermidades, e obtenção de melhor capacidade produtiva, atendendo um mercado cada vez mais exigente e próspero.

Revision of some mensural measurements, food preference, and haematological parameters in breeding pairs of blue rock pigeon, Columba livia sampled from punjab Pakistan / Revisão de algumas medidas mensurais, preferência alimentar e parâmetros hematológicos em pares de criação de pombo blue rock (Columba livia), amostragem de punjab, Paquistão

Abstract The present study describes the haematological profile, feeding preference, and comparison of morphometric characters of blue rock pigeon (Columba livia) breeding pairs. For this purpose, 25 pairs (25 samples per sex) were sampled through Mist nets from district Okara and Bahawalnagar, Punjab, Pakistan. Birds were then anaesthetized with a combination of ketamine HCL (10 mg/kg) and diazepam (0.2 mg/kg) and subjected to morphometric measurements. 5µL blood also was taken from the jugular vein of each anaesthetized bird for haematological analysis. Few pairs were also dissected to remove gastrointestinal tracts (GITs) for food preferences. Results revealed that there are no significant differences in the haematological parameters and feeding preference of breeding pairs of Columba livia. The gut analysis further revealed, the major portion of gut contents consisted of pea and corn in most of the pairs. Regarding the mensural measurements, significant differences were recorded in the body weight, length of the longest primary feather, and chest circumference, whereas the rest of the studied parameters remain nonsignificant between sexes. So, it is concluded that apart from 3 morphometric parameters (body weight, length of longest primary feather and chest circumference), both sexes are alike in term of morphometry, haematology and food preference.

Resumo O presente estudo descreve o perfil hematológico, a preferência alimentar e a comparação de caracteres morfométricos de casais reprodutores de pombo-rocha (Columba livia). Para tanto, 25 pares (25 amostras por sexo) foram amostrados por meio de redes de névoa do distrito de Okara e Bahawalnagar, Punjab, Paquistão. As aves foram então anestesiadas com uma combinação de cetamina HCL (10 mg/kg) e diazepam (0,2 mg/kg) e submetidas a medidas morfométricas; 5 µL de sangue também foram retirados da veia jugular de cada ave anestesiada para análise hematológica. Poucos pares também foram dissecados para remover o trato gastrointestinal (GITs) para preferências alimentares. Os resultados revelaram que não há diferenças significativas nos parâmetros hematológicos e na preferência alimentar dos casais reprodutores de Columba livia. A análise intestinal revelou ainda que a maior parte do conteúdo intestinal consistia em ervilha e milho na maioria dos pares. Em relação às medidas mensurais, foram registradas diferenças significativas no peso corporal, comprimento da pena primária mais longa e circunferência torácica, enquanto os demais parâmetros estudados permanecem não significativos entre os sexos. Assim, conclui-se que além de três parâmetros morfométricos (peso corporal, comprimento da pena primária mais longa e circunferência torácica), ambos os sexos são semelhantes em termos de morfometria, hematologia e preferência alimentar.

Association between axial length and level of education in elderly patients with cataracts unexposed to electronic devices in the first two decades of life / Associação entre diâmetro axial e nível educacional em pacientes idosos com catarata não expostos a dispositivos eletrônicos nas duas primeiras décadas de vida

ABSTRACT Purpose: To determine whether the axial length is associated with the education level in elderly patients with cataracts who were not exposed to electronic devices in the first two decades of life. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in elderly patients with cataracts in Campinas, Brazil. Patients were divided into 2 groups: Group 1 included those who completed, at most, elementary school (including the illiterate and those who partially or totally attended elementary school), which corresponded to 12 years of schooling; Group 2 included, at least, high school graduates (including those who completed high school and those who partially or fully attended university). The sample was selected randomly with stratification for sex and age. The main outcome was the axial length. Results: The sample consisted of 472 elderly patients (236 per group) who underwent cataract surgery. There were 272 (57.6%) men and 200 (42.4%) women; the distribution was symmetrical between the two groups. The median age (IQR; range) was 66 (12; 50-89) years. The median axial length (IQR; range) was 22.82 (1.51; 20.34-28.71) mm in Group 1 and 23.32 (1.45; 20.51-31.34) mm in Group 2 (p<0.001). Conclusion: A greater axial length was associated with a higher level of education in elderly patients with cataracts, suggesting that myopization is related to an increase in activities requiring near-vision even before exposure to electronic devices.

RESUMO Objetivo: Determinar se o diâmetro axial está asso­ciado ao nível educacional em pacientes idosos com catarata que não foram expostos a dispositivos eletrônicos nas duas primeiras décadas de vida. Métodos: Este estudo transversal foi conduzido em pacientes idosos com catarata na cidade de Campinas, Brasil. Os Pacientes foram divididos em 2 grupos: no Grupo 1 foram incluídos aqueles que completaram, pelo menos, o ensino fundamental (incluindo analfabetos e aqueles com ensino fundamental completo ou incompleto), o que corresponde a 12 anos de escolaridade; no Grupo 2 foram incluídos indivíduos que, pelo menos, estudaram até o ensino médio (incluindo indivíduos com ensino médio completo e superior completo ou superior incompleto). A amostra foi selecionada aleatoriamente com estratificação por sexo e idade. O desfecho principal foi a medida do diâmetro axial. Resultados: A amostra foi constituída por 472 indivíduos que foram submetidos a cirurgia de catarata. Duzentos e trinta e seis indivíduos (50%) foram alocados no Grupo 1 e duzentos e trinta e seis indivíduos (50%) no Grupo 2. A mediana da idade (IIQ; intervalo) foi 66 (12; 50-89) anos. Duzentos e setenta e dois (57,6%) eram homens e duzentos (42,4%) mulheres, com distribuição simétrica entre os dois grupos. A mediana do diâmetro axial (IIQ; intervalo) foi 22,82 (1,51; 20,34-28,71) mm no Grupo 1 e 23,32 (1,45; 20,51-31,34) mm no Grupo 2 (p<0,001). Conclusão: Maiores medidas de diâmetro axial foram asso­ciadas a níveis educacionais mais elevados em pacientes idosos submetidos a cirurgia de catarata. Tal achado sugere que a miopização relacionada ao aumento de atividades que utilizam a visão de perto é fenômeno que ocorre antes mesmo da exposição a dispositivos eletrônicos.

Biometry and pathological ultrasound findings in multiple pregnancies / Características ecográficas y hallazgos patológicos en embarazos múltiples

Resumo Objectives: to determine the prevalence of pathological findings according to the type of chorionicity in pregnancies in two institutions in Bogotá, Colombia. Methods: descriptive, retrospective, cohort study. Biometric variables were calculated, and pathological findings were evaluated according to the type of chorionicity in multiple pregnancies. Statistical characterization was performed with absolute frequencies, calculation of relative frequencies in qualitative variables, standard deviation measures, median and interquartile range. In addition, a descriptive analysis of the information was carried out. Results: 528 studies were carried out in 141 pregnant women, 98.5% (n = 139) twins and 1.4% (n = 2) triplets. A prevalence of 35.4% of fetal complications was calculated. The most frequent was fetal growth restriction (p=0.37). According to each type of chorionicity, fetal growth restriction was presented in 50% (1/2) of the trichorionics, 16.6% (7/42) of the monochorionics, and 11.3% (11/97) of the dichorionics. Conclusion: fetal growth restriction was the most common finding, both in trichorionics, monochorionics and dichorionics pregnancies.

Resumen Objetivos: el objetivo del estudio fue determinar la prevalencia de los hallazgos patológicos ecográficos en embarazos múltiples de acuerdo con la corionicidad en dos instituciones en Bogotá-Colombia. Métodos: estudio de cohorte, descriptivo, retrospectivo. Las variables biométricas realizadas y los hallazgos patológicos se evaluaron de acuerdo con el tipo de embarazo gemelar. Se realizó caracterización estadística con frecuencias absolutas, cálculo de frecuencias relativas en variables cualitativas, medidas de desviación estándar, mediana y rango intercuartílico. Además, se realizó análisis descriptivo de la información. Resultados: se realizaron 528 estudios en 141 gestantes, encontrando 98,5% (n=139) gemelares y 1,4% (n=2) triples. Se calculó una prevalencia de 35,4% de complicaciones fetales siendo más frecuente la restricción del crecimiento fetal (p=0,37). Según la corionicidad, esta complicación se presentó en 50% (1/2) de los tricoriónicos, 16,6% (7/42) de los monocoriónicos y 11,3% (11/97) de los dicoriónicos. Conclusión: la restricción del crecimiento fetal fue el hallazgo más común en los embarazos múltiples en la población estudiada.

Anatomical and histological traits of Brycon amazonicus liver cultivated in a semi-intensive system / Características anatômicas e histológicas do fígado de Brycon amazonicus cultivado em sistema semi-intensivo

The work aimed to evaluate the weight-length relationship and the condition factor, characterizing the biometry, anatomy, histology and volumetric density of the liver of Brycon amazonicus, in different stages of body growth. The experiment used twenty specimens in four stages of body growth (PI, PII, PIII and PIV) harvested every 90 days, containing five specimens, each group. The livers were dissected, weighed (g) and processed routinely using the hematoxylin and eosin technique. The data were submitted to analysis of variance, Pearson's correlation test and linear regression. The equation that represented the weight-length relation was W = 0.05902 x L2.63, with negative allometric growth, but with a relative condition factor equal to 1.0. The liver was divided into three lobes with the gallbladder close to the right lobe and its color varied from light red to dark red, not varying in relation to other fish species. The hepatosomatic relationship followed body growth until the PII group stage and then declined, demonstrating the behavior of its development in Brycon amazonicus. The organ consists predominantly of hepatocytes, followed by sinusoidal vessels and capillaries, with histological morphology similar to that of many species of fish. Melanomacrophage centers were found only in the most developed animals, but in small quantities, prompting the development of new research on this cell, in this species. In this way, research of this nature allows the characterization of fish species, helping to improve breeding methods, understanding pathological processes caused by diseases, and obtaining better productive capacity, serving an increasingly demanding and prosperous market.

O trabalho objetivou avaliar a relação peso-comprimento e o fator de condição, caracterizando a biometria, anatomia, histologia e densidade volumétrica do fígado de Brycon amazonicus, em diferentes estágios de crescimento corporal. O experimento utilizou vinte espécimes em quatro fases de crescimento corporal (PI, PII, PIII e PIV) colhidos a cada 90 dias, contendo cinco espécimes, cada grupo. Os fígados foram dissecados, pesados (g) e processados rotineiramente pela técnica da hematoxilina e eosina. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância, teste de correlação de Pearson e regressão linear. A equação que representou a relação peso-comprimento foi W = 0,05902 x L2,63, com crescimento alométrico negativo, mas com fator de condição relativo igual a 1,0. O fígado apresentou-se dividido em três lobos com a vesícula biliar próxima ao lobo direito e sua cor variou de vermelho claro a vermelho escuro, não variando em relação a outras espécies de peixes. A relação hepatossomática acompanhou o crescimento corporal até a fase do grupo PII e então declinou, demonstrando o comportamento de seu desenvolvimento em Brycon amazonicus. O órgão constitui-se predominantemente por hepatócitos, seguido de vasos e capilares sinusoidais, com a morfologia histológica semelhante ao de muitas espécies de peixes. Centros melanomacrófagos foram encontrados apenas nos animais mais desenvolvidos, mas em pequena quantidade, instigando o desenvolvimento de novas pesquisas sobre esta célula, nesta espécie. Desta forma, pesquisas desta natureza permitem a caracterização de espécies de peixes, auxiliando no aperfeiçoamento de métodos de criação, compreensão de processos patológicos provocados por enfermidades, e obtenção de melhor capacidade produtiva, atendendo um mercado cada vez mais exigente e próspero.

Revision of some mensural measurements, food preference, and haematological parameters in breeding pairs of blue rock pigeon, Columba livia sampled from Punjab Pakistan / Revisão de algumas medidas mensurais, preferência alimentar e parâmetros hematológicos em pares de criação de pombo blue rock (Columba livia), amostragem de Punjab, Paquistão

The present study describes the haematological profile, feeding preference, and comparison of morphometric characters of blue rock pigeon (Columba livia) breeding pairs. For this purpose, 25 pairs (25 samples per sex) were sampled through Mist nets from district Okara and Bahawalnagar, Punjab, Pakistan. Birds were then anaesthetized with a combination of ketamine HCL (10 mg/kg) and diazepam (0.2 mg/kg) and subjected to morphometric measurements. 5µL blood also was taken from the jugular vein of each anaesthetized bird for haematological analysis. Few pairs were also dissected to remove gastrointestinal tracts (GITs) for food preferences. Results revealed that there are no significant differences in the haematological parameters and feeding preference of breeding pairs of Columba livia. The gut analysis further revealed, the major portion of gut contents consisted of pea and corn in most of the pairs. Regarding the mensural measurements, significant differences were recorded in the body weight, length of the longest primary feather, and chest circumference, whereas the rest of the studied parameters remain nonsignificant between sexes. So, it is concluded that apart from 3 morphometric parameters (body weight, length of longest primary feather and chest circumference), both sexes are alike in term of morphometry, haematology and food preference.

O presente estudo descreve o perfil hematológico, a preferência alimentar e a comparação de caracteres morfométricos de casais reprodutores de pombo-rocha (Columba livia). Para tanto, 25 pares (25 amostras por sexo) foram amostrados por meio de redes de névoa do distrito de Okara e Bahawalnagar, Punjab, Paquistão. As aves foram então anestesiadas com uma combinação de cetamina HCL (10 mg/kg) e diazepam (0,2 mg/kg) e submetidas a medidas morfométricas; 5 µL de sangue também foram retirados da veia jugular de cada ave anestesiada para análise hematológica. Poucos pares também foram dissecados para remover o trato gastrointestinal (GITs) para preferências alimentares. Os resultados revelaram que não há diferenças significativas nos parâmetros hematológicos e na preferência alimentar dos casais reprodutores de Columba livia. A análise intestinal revelou ainda que a maior parte do conteúdo intestinal consistia em ervilha e milho na maioria dos pares. Em relação às medidas mensurais, foram registradas diferenças significativas no peso corporal, comprimento da pena primária mais longa e circunferência torácica, enquanto os demais parâmetros estudados permanecem não significativos entre os sexos. Assim, conclui-se que além de três parâmetros morfométricos (peso corporal, comprimento da pena primária mais longa e circunferência torácica), ambos os sexos são semelhantes em termos de morfometria, hematologia e preferência alimentar.

Anatomical and histological traits of Brycon amazonicus liver cultivated in a semi-intensive system

Abstract The work aimed to evaluate the weight-length relationship and the condition factor, characterizing the biometry, anatomy, histology and volumetric density of the liver of Brycon amazonicus, in different stages of body growth. The experiment used twenty specimens in four stages of body growth (PI, PII, PIII and PIV) harvested every 90 days, containing five specimens, each group. The livers were dissected, weighed (g) and processed routinely using the hematoxylin and eosin technique. The data were submitted to analysis of variance, Pearsons correlation test and linear regression. The equation that represented the weight-length relation was W = 0.05902 x L2.63, with negative allometric growth, but with a relative condition factor equal to 1.0. The liver was divided into three lobes with the gallbladder close to the right lobe and its color varied from light red to dark red, not varying in relation to other fish species. The hepatosomatic relationship followed body growth until the PII group stage and then declined, demonstrating the behavior of its development in Brycon amazonicus. The organ consists predominantly of hepatocytes, followed by sinusoidal vessels and capillaries, with histological morphology similar to that of many species of fish. Melanomacrophage centers were found only in the most developed animals, but in small quantities, prompting the development of new research on this cell, in this species. In this way, research of this nature allows the characterization of fish species, helping to improve breeding methods, understanding pathological processes caused by diseases, and obtaining better productive capacity, serving an increasingly demanding and prosperous market.

Resumo O trabalho objetivou avaliar a relação peso-comprimento e o fator de condição, caracterizando a biometria, anatomia, histologia e densidade volumétrica do fígado de Brycon amazonicus, em diferentes estágios de crescimento corporal. O experimento utilizou vinte espécimes em quatro fases de crescimento corporal (PI, PII, PIII e PIV) colhidos a cada 90 dias, contendo cinco espécimes, cada grupo. Os fígados foram dissecados, pesados (g) e processados rotineiramente pela técnica da hematoxilina e eosina. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância, teste de correlação de Pearson e regressão linear. A equação que representou a relação peso-comprimento foi W = 0,05902 x L2,63, com crescimento alométrico negativo, mas com fator de condição relativo igual a 1,0. O fígado apresentou-se dividido em três lobos com a vesícula biliar próxima ao lobo direito e sua cor variou de vermelho claro a vermelho escuro, não variando em relação a outras espécies de peixes. A relação hepatossomática acompanhou o crescimento corporal até a fase do grupo PII e então declinou, demonstrando o comportamento de seu desenvolvimento em Brycon amazonicus. O órgão constitui-se predominantemente por hepatócitos, seguido de vasos e capilares sinusoidais, com a morfologia histológica semelhante ao de muitas espécies de peixes. Centros melanomacrófagos foram encontrados apenas nos animais mais desenvolvidos, mas em pequena quantidade, instigando o desenvolvimento de novas pesquisas sobre esta célula, nesta espécie. Desta forma, pesquisas desta natureza permitem a caracterização de espécies de peixes, auxiliando no aperfeiçoamento de métodos de criação, compreensão de processos patológicos provocados por enfermidades, e obtenção de melhor capacidade produtiva, atendendo um mercado cada vez mais exigente e próspero.

Revision of some mensural measurements, food preference, and haematological parameters in breeding pairs of blue rock pigeon, Columba livia sampled from punjab Pakistan

Abstract The present study describes the haematological profile, feeding preference, and comparison of morphometric characters of blue rock pigeon (Columba livia) breeding pairs. For this purpose, 25 pairs (25 samples per sex) were sampled through Mist nets from district Okara and Bahawalnagar, Punjab, Pakistan. Birds were then anaesthetized with a combination of ketamine HCL (10 mg/kg) and diazepam (0.2 mg/kg) and subjected to morphometric measurements. 5µL blood also was taken from the jugular vein of each anaesthetized bird for haematological analysis. Few pairs were also dissected to remove gastrointestinal tracts (GITs) for food preferences. Results revealed that there are no significant differences in the haematological parameters and feeding preference of breeding pairs of Columba livia. The gut analysis further revealed, the major portion of gut contents consisted of pea and corn in most of the pairs. Regarding the mensural measurements, significant differences were recorded in the body weight, length of the longest primary feather, and chest circumference, whereas the rest of the studied parameters remain nonsignificant between sexes. So, it is concluded that apart from 3 morphometric parameters (body weight, length of longest primary feather and chest circumference), both sexes are alike in term of morphometry, haematology and food preference.

Resumo O presente estudo descreve o perfil hematológico, a preferência alimentar e a comparação de caracteres morfométricos de casais reprodutores de pombo-rocha (Columba livia). Para tanto, 25 pares (25 amostras por sexo) foram amostrados por meio de redes de névoa do distrito de Okara e Bahawalnagar, Punjab, Paquistão. As aves foram então anestesiadas com uma combinação de cetamina HCL (10 mg/kg) e diazepam (0,2 mg/kg) e submetidas a medidas morfométricas; 5 µL de sangue também foram retirados da veia jugular de cada ave anestesiada para análise hematológica. Poucos pares também foram dissecados para remover o trato gastrointestinal (GITs) para preferências alimentares. Os resultados revelaram que não há diferenças significativas nos parâmetros hematológicos e na preferência alimentar dos casais reprodutores de Columba livia. A análise intestinal revelou ainda que a maior parte do conteúdo intestinal consistia em ervilha e milho na maioria dos pares. Em relação às medidas mensurais, foram registradas diferenças significativas no peso corporal, comprimento da pena primária mais longa e circunferência torácica, enquanto os demais parâmetros estudados permanecem não significativos entre os sexos. Assim, conclui-se que além de três parâmetros morfométricos (peso corporal, comprimento da pena primária mais longa e circunferência torácica), ambos os sexos são semelhantes em termos de morfometria, hematologia e preferência alimentar.

Referencias locales de valores de variables biométricas fetales por trimestre de gestación / Local references of values of fetal biometric variables in each trimester of pregnancy

RESUMEN Introducción: Las tablas de crecimiento y la ecografía de rutina son el estándar de oro para valorar adecuadamente al feto. Se consideran óptimas y adecuadas las tablas de biometría fetal que se crean con datos propios de cada población con el fin de usarlas como referencia, para identificar oportunamente malformaciones, o desviaciones del crecimiento. Objetivo: Identificar desviaciones de la norma de incremento en variables biométricas: diámetro biparietal, circunferencia cefálica, circunferencia abdominal y longitud del fémur. Métodos: Se realizó una investigación con diseño analítico longitudinal retrospectivo en la provincia Villa Clara, en el período comprendido entre enero de 2013 a diciembre de 2017. La población de estudio estuvo conformada por 6050 gestantes. La selección de la muestra se realizó a través de un muestreo no probabilístico intencional por criterios y quedó constituida por 3910 gestantes. Se obtuvieron datos de libros de registros de consultas de genética de áreas de salud seleccionadas. Se utilizaron medidas de resumen para variables cuantitativas, medias y percentiles (10, 50 y 90). Resultados: En el diámetro biparietal, la circunferencia cefálica y longitud del fémur, los valores reales obtenidos fueron inferiores a Hadlock en la mayoría de las semanas; la circunferencia abdominal cambió el comportamiento que llevaban las variables, ya que en esta predominaron los valores superiores entre los reales obtenidos, sobre todo en el percentil 10. Conclusiones: Los percentiles bajos de todas las variables en las primeras semanas, presentaron valores superiores a los de la tabla de Hadlock, pero en la circunferencia abdominal fetal, la muestra local tiene valores superiores mayoritarios a través de las semanas.

ABSTRACT Introduction: growth charts and routine ultrasound are the gold standard to adequately assess the fetus. Fetal biometry tables, created with data from each population, are considered optimal and appropriate in order to use them as a reference and to timely identify malformations or growth deviations. Objective: to identify deviations from the increase norm in the following biometric variables: biparietal diameter, head circumference, abdominal circumference and femur length. Methods: a retrospective, longitudinal and analytical study was conducted in Villa Clara province between January 2013 and December 2017. The study population consisted of 6050 pregnant women. The selection of the sample was carried out through an intentional non-probabilistic sampling and was made up of 3910 pregnant women who meet the criteria established for the study. Data were obtained from genetic consultation record books from selected health areas. Summary measures were used for quantitative variables, means and percentiles (10, 50 and 90). Results: the real values obtained in the biparietal diameter, head circumference and femur length were lower than Hadlock in most weeks; abdominal circumference changed the behavior of the variables, since in this the superior values prevailed between the real ones obtained, mainly in the10th percentile. Conclusions: low percentiles of all variables in the first weeks had higher values than those of the Hadlock table, but in the fetal abdominal circumference, the local sample had higher values throughout the weeks.

Comparación de biometría ocular entre adultos jóvenes chinos y cubanos / Comparison of ocular biometry between chinese and cuban young adults

Objetivo: Comparar la biometría ocular entre adultos jóvenes chinos y cubanos pertenecientes al sector salud. Métodos: Estudio observacional descriptivo de corte transversal en 30 chinos y 30 cubanos, residentes de las diferentes especialidades médicas, que acudieron al Instituto Cubano de Oftalmología "Ramón Pando Ferrer" entre septiembre de 2016 y septiembre de 2017. Las variables estudiadas fueron: longitud axial, profundidad de cámara anterior, y diámetro corneal horizontal. Se realizó biometría de no contacto con IOLMaster 500 (Carl Zeiss) en ambos ojos. Resultados: La edad media fue 24,9 años y 25,9 años en cubanos y chinos respetivamente. Los resultados biométricos promedio de ambos ojos para cubanos/chinos fueron: longitud axial 24,10 mm/24,60 mm; amplitud de cámara anterior 3,56 mm/3,46 mm; y diámetro corneal horizontal 11,80 mm/11,60 mm, sin diferencias estadísticamente significativas. El 60 de los ojos chinos fueron largos mientras que en los cubanos fue el 45 . Se reportaron dos ojos chinos con cámara anterior estrecha y el diámetro corneal horizontal fue normal en el 100 por ciento. Conclusiones: Los chinos exhibieron ojos de mayor longitud axial, menor amplitud de cámara anterior y menor diámetro corneal horizontal que los cubanos aunque las diferencias no fueron estadísticamente significativas.(AU)

Objective: To compare ocular biometry between Chinese and Cuban young adults belonging to the health sector. Methods: Descriptive observational cross-sectional study in 30 Chinese and 30 Cubans, residents of different medical specialties, who attended the Cuban Institute of Ophthalmology "Ramón Pando Ferrer" between September 2016 and September 2017. The variables studied were: axial length, anterior chamber depth, and horizontal corneal diameter. Non-contact biometry was performed with IOLMaster 500 (Carl Zeiss) in both eyes. Results: The average age was 24.9 years and 25.9 years in Cuban and Chinese patients respectively. The average biometric results of both eyes for Cuban/Chinese eyes were: axial length 24.10 mm/24.60 mm; anterior chamber width 3.56 mm/3.46 mm; and horizontal corneal diameter 11.80 mm/11.60 mm, with no statistically significant differences. Sixty percent of the Chinese eyes were long, while 45 percent of the Cuban eyes were long. Two Chinese eyes were reported with narrow anterior chamber and horizontal corneal diameter was normal in a 100 percent of them. Conclusions: Chinese exhibited eyes of greater axial length, smaller anterior chamber width and smaller horizontal corneal diameter than Cubans although the differences were not statistically significant(AU)

Intraocular lens power estimation for future emmetropia in pediatric cataract surgery / Estimativa do poder da lente intraocular para emetropia futura em cirurgias de catarata pediátrica

ABSTRACT Purpose: Creating models, in pediatric cataracts, to estimate kerotometry and axial length values at future ages, based on kerotometry and axial length measured at surgery, to estimate the intraocular lens power for emmetropia in future ages. Methods: Eyes with bilateral cataract and kerotometry and axial length measured at surgery and at least one postoperative examination with kerotometry and axial length measurements, were considered for this study. The models to estimate future kerotometry and axial length values were created considering (1) kerotometry and axial length measured at surgery, (2) the average slope of kerotometry and axial length logarithmic regression created for every single eye and (3) age at surgery. The intraocular lens for future ages can be estimated using these values in third generation formulas. The estimation errors for kerotometry, axial length and intraocular lens were also calculated. Results: A total of 57 eyes from 29 patients met the inclusion criteria. The average age at the surgery and follow-up was 36.96 ± 32.04 months and 2.39 ± 1.46 years, respectively. The average slope of logarithmic regression created for every single eye were -3.286 for kerotometry and +3.189 for axial length. The average absolute estimation errors for kerotometry and axial length were respectively: 0.61 ± 0.54 D and 0.49 ± 0.55 mm, and for intraocular lens using SRK-T, Hoffer-Q and Holladay I formulas were: 2 . 04 ± 1 . 73 D , 2 . 49 ± 2 . 10 D and 2 . 26 ± 1 . 87 D, respectively. Conclusions: The presented models could be used to estimate the intraocular lens power for emmetropia at future ages to guide the choice of the intraocular lens power to be implanted in pediatric cataract.

RESUMO Objetivo: Criar modelos, em catarata pediátrica, para estimar valores futuros de ceratometria e comprimento axial, com base na ceratometria e no comprimento axial medidos na cirurgia, para previsão do poder da lente intraocular para emetropia em idades futuras. Métodos: Olhos com catarata bilateral, ceratometria e comprimento axial medidos na cirurgia e pelo menos um exame pós-operatório com medidas de ceratometria e comprimento axial foram considerados para este estudo. Os modelos para estimar futuras ceratometrias e comprimentos axiais foram criados considerando (1) ceratometria e comprimento axial medidos na cirurgia, (2) a inclinação média da regressão logarítmica da ceratometria e comprimento axial criada para cada olho e (3) a idade na cirurgia. A lente intraocular para emetropia em idades futuras pode ser estimada usando esses valores em fórmulas de terceira geração. Os erros de estimativa da ceratometria, comprimento axial e poder da lente intraocular, usando os modelos, também foram calculados. Resultados: 57 olhos de 29 pacientes preencheram os critérios de inclusão. A idade média na cirurgia e acompanhamento foram de 36,96 ± 32,04 meses e 2,39 ± 1,46 anos, respectivamente. A inclinação média da regressão logarítmica criada para cada olho foi de -3.286 para ceratometria e + 3.189 para o comprimento axial. Os erros médios de estimativa absoluta para ceratometria e comprimento axial foram respectivamente: 0,61 ± 0,54 D e 0,49 ± 0,55 mm, e para o poder da lente intraocular usando as fórmulas SRK-T, Hoffer-Q e Holladay I foram: 2,04 ± 1,73 D, 2,49 ± 2,10 D e 2,26 ± 1,87 D, respectivamente. Conclusões: Os modelos apresentados podem ser utilizados para estimar o poder da lente intraocular que levaria a emetropia em idades futuras e orientar a escolha do poder da lente intraocular a ser implantada na catarata pediátrica.